Drive for Muscularity Behaviors in Male Bodybuilders: a Trans-contextual Model of Motivation

This study was conducted with 175 French-speaking Swiss male athletes practicing bodybuilding who met the following eligibility criteria: alchemie-des-seins.com (a) minimum age of 16 years, (b) minimum of 3 h of physical training per week, and (c) minimum of 3 years of bodybuilding. The ethics committees of the University of Teacher Education of the State of Vaud (Switzerland) and the University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis (France) approved the protocol design and the study. Data were collected over 6 months and participants were recruited in a social network or in gyms. Written informed consent was obtained from the participants prior to their participation (or their parents in the case of minors). Online survey completion did not exceed more than 20 min and responses to all questions were obligatory; there were no missing data. Participants were informed beforehand 118.31.223.224 that the survey was not a test (i.e., there were no right or wrong answers) and that all responses would be used for research purposes only.

Participation was entirely voluntary and freshleader.co.kr full confidentiality was guaranteed. Authors collected information about nationality in order to ensure that participants were French speakers. Participants answered each item with a Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 6 (absolutely). They were asked to rate several reasons pertaining to four regulation styles varying in the degree of autonomy on a continuum ranging from high to low autonomy: extrinsic regulation, introjected regulation, www.PrimeBoosts.com identified regulation, and intrinsic regulation. Extrinsic regulation is the least autonomous form of motivation, while intrinsic motivation is the most autonomous. Autonomous motivation was represented by eight items corresponding to intrinsic regulation (four items; e.g., I do sports because I think exercise is fun) and identified regulation (four items; e.g., I do sports because I value the benefits of exercise). Controlled motivation was represented by seven items corresponding to extrinsic regulation (four items; e.g., I do sports because other people say I should) and introjected regulation (three items; e.g., I do sports because I feel guilty when I don’t exercise).

A 6-point Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 6 (absolutely) was used. For each scale, the CFA was computed and Cronbach’s alphas were performed to verify the internal consistency of each construct. Four items related to the perceived benefits of gaining muscle mass were used (e.g., I think I would be more self-confident if I had more muscle mass). Subjective norm related to gaining muscle mass was measured through four items (e.g., My peers approve of me trying to increase my muscle mass). Five items related to perceived behavioral control related to gaining muscle mass were used (e.g., xiaoliu-git.cn I feel able to do intensive strength training). 07. A satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha value of .76 was obtained for this subscale. The measure of the intention to gain muscle mass was composed of three items (e.g., I intend to gain muscle mass). "muscularity body dissatisfaction" and "muscularity behaviors". The items were answered with a Likert scale from 1 (not at all) to 6 (absolutely).

This study included several types of analysis. First, support.ourarchives.online confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were performed to verify the validity of the scales.